Search the archive:
YaBB - Yet another Bulletin Board
 
   
 
Pages: 1 2 3 
Send Topic Print
What exactly is "stall" (Read 1577 times)
Jan 4th, 2007 at 4:15am

chornedsnorkack   Offline
Colonel
I love YaBB 1G - SP1!

Posts: 363
*****
 
What happens to an airfoil at "stall"? And how are "lift" and "drag" defined at high angles of attack?

Imagine a light aircraft. Large wing, low weight, wing strong enough to carry the weight of the plane and safety margin. Assume no thrust - no engines installed or engines shut down.

Absence of thrust means that in steady state, the plane is descending.

The plane might fly at "best glide" AoA. It would then have appreciable forward airspeed, modest rate of descent and good L/D ratio.

If the AoA is any lower, the total airspeed would be higher, L/D would be smaller and rate of descent would be higher.

Now, letīs increase the angle of attack. The forward speed would decrease, and so would L/D. But what happens to RoD?

On the other hand, imagine if the plane is not flying at all: imagine that it has AoA of 90 degrees!

A plane with zero forward airspeed still cannot drop out of the sky at any high speed. After all, as presumed above, it has low weight and large wing. Fast RoD at 90 degrees AoA would mean huge drag. The plane has to reach a steady state at a modest rate of sink and no forward speed. It would be "parachuting" vertically down.

How does the RoD of a parachuting airfoil compare with RoD of a stalling airfoil?

What happens if an airfoil is held at AoA of 80 or 70 or 60 degrees? It should still have a modest RoD - but it should also have a small but nonzero forward speed.

Can someone explain what really changes about the airfoil behaviour if you compare non-vertical parachuting (in "stalled" AoA) with flying "at the back of the power curve", at AoA slightly below "stall"?
 
IP Logged
 
Reply #1 - Jan 4th, 2007 at 8:24am

Brett_Henderson   Offline
Colonel
EVERY OUTER MARKER SHOULD
BE AN NDB

Gender: male
Posts: 3593
*****
 
As I've now seen and recognize your posts for what they are and where you're trying to go with them; I'll answer accordingly. But first I'm going to ask for clarification, because (as usual) you've already gone off on tangents that give windows for you to challenge the answers (that's what you're really after (and that's OK. I like debate.discussion too      Smiley   )).  

Will we agree that sans thrust, all drag is parasitic ?

We're going to have to pick a wing "type" too. Your statements/questions make huge assumptions on L/D and where it peaks/diminishes. Your relationships between L/D, airpseed and RoD are far from universal.

I'm not touching the no-thrust questions. You're posing impossible scenarios there. Your large wing held at 80 degrees AOA with no thrust would end up having REVERSE airspeed.. IF that AoA could even be held..  (hold off on the AoA versus pitch-angle stuff.. you know what I'm attempting to point out)..
« Last Edit: Jan 4th, 2007 at 9:56am by Brett_Henderson »  
IP Logged
 
Reply #2 - Jan 4th, 2007 at 9:56am
sgt donut   Ex Member

 
stalling is when the hamster take a break...or is that engine failure...hmmm Tongue
 
IP Logged
 
Reply #3 - Jan 4th, 2007 at 9:58am

Brett_Henderson   Offline
Colonel
EVERY OUTER MARKER SHOULD
BE AN NDB

Gender: male
Posts: 3593
*****
 
Quote:
stalling is when the hamster take a break...or is that engine failure...hmmm 


LOL  (not that kinda stall)
 
IP Logged
 
Reply #4 - Jan 4th, 2007 at 1:50pm

Hagar   Offline
Colonel
My Spitfire Girl
Costa Geriatrica

Posts: 33159
*****
 
chornedsnorkack wrote on Jan 4th, 2007 at 4:15am:
Imagine a light aircraft. Large wing, low weight, wing strong enough to carry the weight of the plane and safety margin. Assume no thrust - no engines installed or engines shut down.

What happens if an airfoil is held at AoA of 80 or 70 or 60 degrees? It should still have a modest RoD - but it should also have a small but nonzero forward speed.

In a conventional aircraft this would be impossible, Once the wing stalled the nose could not be held up & would drop naturally putting the aircraft into a dive. This dive would be maintained until the airspeed built up enough to unstall the wing & also make the elevator effective. Then the whole process would be repeated ad infinitum in a series of swoops until it hit the ground or recovery action was taken.

Quote:
A plane with zero forward airspeed still cannot drop out of the sky at any high speed. After all, as presumed above, it has low weight and large wing. Fast RoD at 90 degrees AoA would mean huge drag. The plane has to reach a steady state at a modest rate of sink and no forward speed. It would be "parachuting" vertically down.

This type of manoeuvre is possible only with high power-to-weight ratio aircraft like jet fighters or high-performance aerobatic types like the Sukhoi Su-26M. British aerobatic pilot Will Curtis features a "Parachute" in his display routine. Note that this is a power manoeuvre with the wing stalled & the engine providing the lift. Watch the video HERE.
 

...

Founder & Sole Member - Grumpy's Over the Hill Club for Veteran Virtual Aviators
Member of the Fox Four Group

Need help? Try Grumpy's Lair

My photo gallery
IP Logged
 
Reply #5 - Jan 5th, 2007 at 5:07am

OTTOL   Offline
Colonel
Fintas, Kuwait (OKBK)

Gender: male
Posts: 918
*****
 
Sounds like, in your zeal to cover the question in the greatest detail possible it ends up appearing vague and, at times, self contradictory (is that proper grammar?) "....i.e. ".....A plane with zero forward airspeed still cannot drop out of the sky at any high speed ....." I'll try my best though.... Huh

chornedsnorkack wrote on Jan 4th, 2007 at 4:15am:
What happens to an airfoil at "stall"? And how are "lift" and "drag" defined at high angles of attack?"?
During a stall, the normal flow of air is disrupted and the normal flight or control of flight is affected. The reason I choose this wording, as opposed to the standard textbook answer, is that an airfoil refers to any airfoil and all airfoils (cannards, vertical stabilizers, horizontal stabilizers etc.) can experience a stalled condition.
At "high angles of attack" both lift and drag are high.

Quote:
Imagine a light aircraft. Large wing, low weight, wing strong enough to carry the weight of the plane and safety margin. Assume no thrust .... engines shut down.

Absence of thrust means that in steady state, the plane is descending.

The plane might fly at "best glide" AoA. It would then have appreciable forward airspeed, modest rate of descent and good L/D ratio."  

Firstly, just as a matter of clarification, reduction of thrust will, on most propeller driven aircraft, mean a reduction of lift. This is due the absence of accelerated slipstream (accelerated air) over the wing.
This aircraft would only fly at "best glide" (assuming a modern positively stable aircraft) if it is trimmed for best glide speed. Otherwise, Hagar’s scenario of series of descending stalls and recoveries would apply or, at the other end of the spectrum, a condition of excessive speed, resultant lift and then finally a climb, ultimately followed by another descent, and so on..... will be the result.

Quote:
If the AoA is any lower, the total airspeed would be higher, L/D would be smaller and rate of descent would be higher.

Now, letīs increase the angle of attack. The forward speed would decrease, and so would L/D. But what happens to RoD?  On the other hand, imagine if the plane is not flying at all: imagine that it has AoA of 90 degrees!  

This tends to fall into the realm of the "utterly ridiculous" phase of the "lift vs AOA" discussions. Unless you're flying an F-16 or SU-26, vertical flight will only be transitional. This takes us right back to dynamic and static stability. Yes if you really want to take your Cherokee and point it straight up, if only for a moment, with enough forward airspeed, it is possible. I I've done it know some guy that did it. Roll Eyes  You have to ask the question; What makes the airplane "go up" for the short period that it does? Inertia. In this case, thrust and inertia are overcoming weight. Once the momentum has been lost, we fall back into the realm of the horizontal, aerodynamic world.
Firstly, the aircraft will fall and then weathervane into forward oriented (hopefully) flight, while pointing straight down. As speed increases, lift increases and a nose-up pitching moment is created by the wing. Eventually, the aircraft will stabilize into the previously trimmed AOA.

Quote:
A plane with zero forward airspeed still cannot drop out of the sky at any high speed. After all, as presumed above, it has low weight and large wing. Fast RoD at 90 degrees AoA would mean huge drag. The plane has to reach a steady state at a modest rate of sink and no forward speed. It would be "parachuting" vertically down.
Does the word contradiction mean anything to you? Unless your theoretical wing is very big and full of helium, it must move in one direction or another. Without thrust or inertia, that will be forward (hopefully) and down, with the rate of each being inversely proportional to the other. Even in a stalled (or "parachuting") condition, the wing produces some lift and is still affected by gravity.


Quote:
How does the RoD of a parachuting airfoil compare with RoD of a stalling airfoil?
I think you might be talking about the same thing. If you literally mean a wing with a parachute attached, I would have to say slower.

Quote:
What happens if an airfoil is held at AoA of 80 or 70 or 60 degrees? It should still have a modest RoD - but it should also have a small but nonzero forward speed.
As opposed to your 90 degree scenario (and even that wing produces some lift with a positive relative wind.....we'll save that for a later discussion)This wing, with a enough relative wind, will still produce lift perpindicular to the relative wind and counter to gravity.  

Quote:
Can someone explain what really changes about the airfoil behaviour if you compare non-vertical parachuting (in "stalled" AoA) with flying "at the back of the power curve", at AoA slightly below "stall"?
You're really going after the wrong factor in the equation. To understand this better, you need to focus on the relative wind. The airfoil doesn't change. The AOA relative to the airflow does. At "the back of the power curve" the wing is at an extreme angle to the relative wind.  Air flowing over the wing has to make an exaggerated curve over the top of the airfoil. At the point of stall the "curve" becomes too great. The airflow can't make the turn and "tumbles", instead of flowing smoothly.
 

.....so I loaded up the plane and moved to Middle-EEEE..........OIL..that is......
IP Logged
 
Reply #6 - Jan 5th, 2007 at 6:25am

chornedsnorkack   Offline
Colonel
I love YaBB 1G - SP1!

Posts: 363
*****
 
Thanks OTTOL for reminding that there are more variables and that covering all cases too shortly could tend to sound ambiguous and have contradicting implications...

Hagar wrote on Jan 4th, 2007 at 1:50pm:
chornedsnorkack wrote on Jan 4th, 2007 at 4:15am:
Imagine a light aircraft. Large wing, low weight, wing strong enough to carry the weight of the plane and safety margin. Assume no thrust - no engines installed or engines shut down.

What happens if an airfoil is held at AoA of 80 or 70 or 60 degrees? It should still have a modest RoD - but it should also have a small but nonzero forward speed.

In a conventional aircraft this would be impossible, Once the wing stalled the nose could not be held up & would drop naturally putting the aircraft into a dive. This dive would be maintained until the airspeed built up enough to unstall the wing & also make the elevator effective. Then the whole process would be repeated ad infinitum in a series of swoops until it hit the ground or recovery action was taken.

Thatīs the part of aircraft stability. An aircraft with good tailplane and suitable centre of gravity cannot stay stalled for long - as the main wing drops, the tailplane is as yet unstalled and therefore keeps the tail up. The fuselage pitches nose down, bringing the main wing AoA back from stalled to unstalled flight.

However, there are a fair number of airplanes which have too small tailplanes or too powerful elevators or too far aft CG - and which are in danger of entering a stall. Some of them actually have the condition of "deep stall", which is stable so that once entered, it cannot be corrected by control applications. Accordingly, they have various stall warnings, stick shakers and pushers and flight envelope protection, so as to prevent them from stalling to begin with.

Are there also aircraft where stalled state is neutrally stable - so that it is not a deep stall which cannot be recovered from by controls, nor is it impossible to sustain, but a state which can be recovered from at any time?
Hagar wrote on Jan 4th, 2007 at 1:50pm:
Quote:
A plane with zero forward airspeed still cannot drop out of the sky at any high speed. After all, as presumed above, it has low weight and large wing. Fast RoD at 90 degrees AoA would mean huge drag. The plane has to reach a steady state at a modest rate of sink and no forward speed. It would be "parachuting" vertically down.

This type of manoeuvre is possible only with high power-to-weight ratio aircraft like jet fighters or high-performance aerobatic types like the Sukhoi Su-26M. 


I mean, rearward CG stalling and stall recovery should be possible even if a plane is underpowered or actually unpowered?
 
IP Logged
 
Reply #7 - Jan 5th, 2007 at 7:38am

Hagar   Offline
Colonel
My Spitfire Girl
Costa Geriatrica

Posts: 33159
*****
 
chornedsnorkack wrote on Jan 5th, 2007 at 6:25am:
I mean, rearward CG stalling and stall recovery should be possible even if a plane is underpowered or actually unpowered?

You obviously have a good understanding of aerodynamics but this sort of discussion is in danger of becoming far too technical & you end up not seeing the wood for the trees. What seems logical in theory is often very different in practice. Let's go back to your original question & scenario. Quote:
What happens to an airfoil at "stall"? And how are "lift" and "drag" defined at high angles of attack?

Imagine a light aircraft. Large wing, low weight, wing strong enough to carry the weight of the plane and safety margin. Assume no thrust - no engines installed or engines shut down.

This is a very good description of a glider or sailplane. Even the most efficient modern sailplane is severely underpowered as it has no power at all, yet it can stilll fly under full control & even do aerobatic manoeuvres. The same basic rules apply to gliders as to all conventional aircraft. I've found that this confuses the general public terribly & when flying my R/C model sailplanes & aerobatic slope-soarers I've lost count of the number of times I've been asked "How can you control it without an engine?"

The point is that a stalled aerofoil (airfoil) produces no lift at all. Once the mainplane is stalled it would be impossible to hold the aircraft in your example at an AoA of 80 or 70 or 60 degrees for any length of time without the nose dropping. Therefore your "parachute" theory is also impossible. The aircraft is at the mercy of gravity until remedial action is taken. I'm talking about conventional aeroplanes here & it's very difficult (practically impossible) to stall pure canards & deltas. These tend to "mush" at low airspeeds & high angles of attack while steadily losing altitude which is more like your description of a "parachute".

Quote:
However, there are a fair number of airplanes which have too small tailplanes or too powerful elevators or too far aft CG - and which are in danger of entering a stall. Some of them actually have the condition of "deep stall", which is stable so that once entered, it cannot be corrected by control applications. Accordingly, they have various stall warnings, stick shakers and pushers and flight envelope protection, so as to prevent them from stalling to begin with.

This is a long way from your original topic. All aircraft have to pass stringent testing by the appropriate authorities before they're certified for flight. This includes stalling & spinning characteristics in all normal configurations. The 'deep stall' phenomenon with high-set "T-tails" was first experienced with jet arliners back in the 1960s. It took the death of BAC test pilot Mike Lithgow in the prototype BAC One Eleven in 1963 before this condition was fully appreciated. Although he must have known he was doomed he talked it right down to the moment of impact over the radio. I've heard a recording of this & it's very moving. Investigations & research following this unfortunate accident helped to make the One Eleven one of the safest airliners of its time. The lessons learned were also passed to other aircraft manufacturers. http://oea.larc.nasa.gov/PAIS/Concept2Reality/deep_stall.html

Quote:
Are there also aircraft where stalled state is neutrally stable - so that it is not a deep stall which cannot be recovered from by controls, nor is it impossible to sustain, but a state which can be recovered from at any time?

See my above comments on canards & deltas. There are also various high-lift devices to delay the stall or make it almost impossible in normal circumstances. One example of a light aircraft designed from the outset to be almost impossible to stall or spin is the Ercoupe. http://www.gatwick-aviation-museum.co.uk/ercoupe/ercoupe.html
I still have mixed feeling on this idea myself.
 

...

Founder & Sole Member - Grumpy's Over the Hill Club for Veteran Virtual Aviators
Member of the Fox Four Group

Need help? Try Grumpy's Lair

My photo gallery
IP Logged
 
Reply #8 - Jan 5th, 2007 at 9:08am

chornedsnorkack   Offline
Colonel
I love YaBB 1G - SP1!

Posts: 363
*****
 
Hagar wrote on Jan 5th, 2007 at 7:38am:

Once the mainplane is stalled it would be impossible to hold the aircraft in your example at an AoA of 80 or 70 or 60 degrees for any length of time without the nose dropping. Therefore your "parachute" theory is also impossible. The aircraft is at the mercy of gravity until remedial action is taken. I'm talking about conventional aeroplanes here & it's very difficult (practically impossible) to stall pure canards & deltas. These tend to "mush" at low airspeeds & high angles of attack while steadily losing altitude which is more like your description of a "parachute".

Quote:
However, there are a fair number of airplanes which have too small tailplanes or too powerful elevators or too far aft CG - and which are in danger of entering a stall. Some of them actually have the condition of "deep stall", which is stable so that once entered, it cannot be corrected by control applications. Accordingly, they have various stall warnings, stick shakers and pushers and flight envelope protection, so as to prevent them from stalling to begin with.

This is a long way from your original topic. All aircraft have to pass stringent testing by the appropriate authorities before they're certified for flight. This includes stalling & spinning characteristics in all normal configurations. The 'deep stall' phenomenon with high-set "T-tails" was first experienced with jet arliners back in the 1960s. It took the death of BAC test pilot Mike Lithgow in the prototype BAC One Eleven in 1963 before this condition was fully appreciated. Although he must have known he was doomed he talked it right down to the moment of impact over the radio. I've heard a recording of this & it's very moving. Investigations & research following this unfortunate accident helped to make the One Eleven one of the safest airliners of its time. The lessons learned were also passed to other aircraft manufacturers. http://oea.larc.nasa.gov/PAIS/Concept2Reality/deep_stall.html

Quote:
Are there also aircraft where stalled state is neutrally stable - so that it is not a deep stall which cannot be recovered from by controls, nor is it impossible to sustain, but a state which can be recovered from at any time?

See my above comments on canards & deltas.

But if you have a look at the article, those T-tailed jets are conventional aeroplanes - high aspect ratio wing, stabilizer in rear. The problem with them is that they donīt drop nose and avoid stall before they reach deep stall - so they enter mush-down superstall. Trident also has deep stalls like Staines... the article says that DC-9 has avoided stalls well, but the recent West Caribbean MD-80 crash sounds like stall, too.

 
IP Logged
 
Reply #9 - Jan 5th, 2007 at 9:24am

Hagar   Offline
Colonel
My Spitfire Girl
Costa Geriatrica

Posts: 33159
*****
 
chornedsnorkack wrote on Jan 5th, 2007 at 9:08am:
But if you have a look at the article, those T-tailed jets are conventional aeroplanes - high aspect ratio wing, stabilizer in rear. The problem with them is that they donīt drop nose and avoid stall before they reach deep stall - so they enter mush-down superstall. Trident also has deep stalls like Staines... the article says that DC-9 has avoided stalls well, but the recent West Caribbean MD-80 crash sounds like stall, too.

Not my idea of conventional or typical. The example in your original question is a light aircraft so I assumed this was what we were discussing. The jet airliner with T-tail + swept-wing combination is a comparatively recent development. The rear-mounted engines might also have contributed to the problems.
 

...

Founder & Sole Member - Grumpy's Over the Hill Club for Veteran Virtual Aviators
Member of the Fox Four Group

Need help? Try Grumpy's Lair

My photo gallery
IP Logged
 
Reply #10 - Jan 5th, 2007 at 2:57pm

beaky   Offline
Global Moderator
Uhhhh.... yup!
Newark, NJ USA

Gender: male
Posts: 14187
*****
 
chornedsnorkack wrote on Jan 4th, 2007 at 4:15am:
A plane with zero forward airspeed still cannot drop out of the sky at any high speed.


What would you define as "any high speed"? assuming you mean a high rate of descent- for argument's sake, let's call "high" any VS above normal approach descent rate for the airplane in question, or perhaps Vbg.
If you stall any aircraft, any aircraft, and it remains stalled all the way to the ground, somehow miraculously not rolling over, spinning, tailsliding, etc.... it will come down at a much higher rate of speed, vertically, than one would like. High enough to kill you, in most cases.
"Parachuting" is not a very accurate term at all for describing how a flat plane descends when not flying... a round parachuting canopy collects air in a very particular way, and an airfoil-type canopy is actually a low-aspect-ratio type of wing.


Quote:
Can someone explain what really changes about the airfoil behaviour if you compare non-vertical parachuting (in "stalled" AoA) with flying "at the back of the power curve", at AoA slightly below "stall"?



For what it's worth, "non-vertical parachuting" is really getting off-track... a stalled wing is not doing much of anything except falling, just as a barn door, desk chair, or goldfish bowl might fall. It may have a ballistic trajectory, having been moving forward prior to the stall, but again, that has nothing to do with parachutes.

Trying still to answer this last question: You've sort of answered your own question...

The airfoil behavior depends on airspeed and angle of attack. In the "back of the power curve" scenario you mention, the clue as to why the plane still won't climb is in the word "power".
Without sufficient thrust, once the airspeed gets low enough, even though the A of A is sufficient to prevent a stall by producing some lift, there is not enough lift for the plane to climb, or even keep from descending. It's all too easy to get into this pickle in any airplane: all you have to do is climb at full power while increasing your A of A almost to the point where it will stall the wing at any airspeed. i guarantee that no matter what airplane it is, no matter how much thrust it has, or what it's service ceiling is... if you climb at full power and hold the pitch at the edge of where it will stall as your airspeed decreases, the airplane will begin to descend before the stall occurs. If you do it just right, you will come down nose-high and quite rapidly, maybe showing airspeed on your indicator, maybe not. It will not be stalled, but because you already have max power, it will not climb unless you lower the nose to get some more airspeed.

Obviously, what normally happens in this sort of vertical-climb scenario is that the plane stalls... but my case in point is basically academic. A more common illustration of the "stalled but not stalled" or "death mush" thing would be any of a number of cases where stall-proof aircraft, like the ercoupe wirth its limited elevator travel, have carried careless pilots to their back-breaking doom when they let it get "behind the power curve".

In other words, in a "supermush" or whatever you want to call it, the wing behaves much as it would during a normal descent, only with A of A, airspeed and power in a different ratio than in a normal descent.




 

...
IP Logged
 
Reply #11 - Jan 5th, 2007 at 9:14pm

Brett_Henderson   Offline
Colonel
EVERY OUTER MARKER SHOULD
BE AN NDB

Gender: male
Posts: 3593
*****
 
These posts aren't, nor ever have been, about answers. It's mental/written thumb wrestling.
 
IP Logged
 
Reply #12 - Jan 6th, 2007 at 5:38am

Hagar   Offline
Colonel
My Spitfire Girl
Costa Geriatrica

Posts: 33159
*****
 
Brett_Henderson wrote on Jan 5th, 2007 at 9:14pm:
These posts aren't, nor ever have been, about answers. It's mental/written thumb wrestling.

Indeed, I can see that now. Wink
 

...

Founder & Sole Member - Grumpy's Over the Hill Club for Veteran Virtual Aviators
Member of the Fox Four Group

Need help? Try Grumpy's Lair

My photo gallery
IP Logged
 
Reply #13 - Jan 6th, 2007 at 10:15am

OTTOL   Offline
Colonel
Fintas, Kuwait (OKBK)

Gender: male
Posts: 918
*****
 
chornedsnorkack wrote on Jan 5th, 2007 at 9:08am:
But if you have a look at the article, those T-tailed jets are conventional aeroplanes - high aspect ratio wing, stabilizer in rear. The problem with them is that they donīt drop nose and avoid stall before they reach deep stall - so they enter mush-down superstall. Trident also has deep stalls like Staines... the article says that DC-9 has avoided stalls well, but the recent West Caribbean MD-80 crash sounds like stall, too.

You seem to be fixated on this whole "deep stall" idea. Unfortunatley, that's usually only an issue for Hollywood TopGun actors and Test Pilots. The above hightlighted text is not entirely accurate. The problem with modern, swept wing jets (whether T-Tail, conventional tail, low-wing, high-wing etc. etc. ) is that they have a swept wing. By that distinction, they ALL stall at the wing tip first.
The reality of the matter is; very few if any modern jets fall victim to stall related accidents during normal operations and day-to-day flying. I challenge you to show me a recent accident that occured as a result of failure to maintain proper flying speed (or even an accelerated stall incident). The Wellstone accident is the only one that I can recall and that one isn't even a "swept" aircraft.
 

.....so I loaded up the plane and moved to Middle-EEEE..........OIL..that is......
IP Logged
 
Reply #14 - Jan 7th, 2007 at 6:20am

Hagar   Offline
Colonel
My Spitfire Girl
Costa Geriatrica

Posts: 33159
*****
 
OTTOL wrote on Jan 6th, 2007 at 10:15am:
I challenge you to show me a recent accident that occured as a result of failure to maintain proper flying speed (or even an accelerated stall incident). The Wellstone accident is the only one that I can recall and that one isn't even a "swept" aircraft.

Sorry OTTOL. I have to take up that challenge. Fatal TU154 crash August 2006
Three previous fatal accidents with the same type of aircraft have been attributed to the "deep stall".

While I agree with most of your comments I have to point out that the "deep stall" phenomenon is caused by several factors. The swept wing & rear-mounted jet engines might add to the problem but the phenomenon is mainly due to the high-set T-tail being blanketed by the mainplane at high AoA & low airspeed. (I'm not sure if T-tailed prop-driven aircraft with straight wings suffer from this problem to the same degree.)
Diagram courtesy of Wikipedia.
...

I can still vividly remember the BAC One Eleven incident in 1963 as it happened while I was working at Gatwick. Mike Lithgow was one of my schoolboy heroes & it shook me to hear his last words broadcast on the BBC radio news bulletin we were listening to. He carried on describing the situation right to the moment of impact in a calm & professional manner which served to increase my deep respect for him & his colleagues.

I've done a little research to refresh my memory of this phenomenon. As I recall, the BAC One Eleven was being tested at a rearward CoG. Once it had entered the "deep stall" condition it seems obvious that a highly skilled & experienced test pilot like Mike Lithgow & crew would have tried everything in their power to recover from it, including a wide variety of power settings & control inputs plus deploying the anti-spin parachute carried during this sort of testing. It seems likely that the aircraft ended up in a 'flat spin' from which recovery turned out to be impossible.

It's also worth considering that AoA is measured from the relative wind OTTOL mentioned & not necessarily from the horizontal as is shown in most textbooks. In this case with the wing & tail stalled the aircraft might appear to be in a straight & level attitude to an observer but as it's falling almost vertically the aerofoils are at a high AoA relative to the airflow. I hope this makes some sense. (Note the direction of the blue arrow in the diagram.)

I'd forgotten about all this & the fact that although the "deep stall" phenomenon is now widely known it's never really been overcome. Stick shakers & warnings are all very well but I'm not convinced that they've come up with an aerodynamic solution. This puts a whole new light on the Tu 154 incidents that have never really been resolved. The above article confirms that the Tu 134 & Tu 154 were never fitted with the safety devices used on their western counterparts.
« Last Edit: Jan 7th, 2007 at 7:51am by Hagar »  

...

Founder & Sole Member - Grumpy's Over the Hill Club for Veteran Virtual Aviators
Member of the Fox Four Group

Need help? Try Grumpy's Lair

My photo gallery
IP Logged
 
Pages: 1 2 3 
Send Topic Print