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Why do planes spin? (Read 4147 times)
Reply #30 - Oct 22nd, 2006 at 1:43pm

Mobius   Offline
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Indeed. That's why I always thought stalling & spinning should be part of the PPL syllabus - before a student is allowed solo - as it was in my day.

It was for me as well, we had to do it before starting to learn to land, I even think it was one of my first couple of lessons.  Not spinning though, my instructor tried a couple of times to put a Cessna 172 into a spin, but they don't spin very easily, so he actually couldn't do it. Tongue Wink
 

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Reply #31 - Oct 22nd, 2006 at 1:45pm

Hagar   Offline
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It isn't?

They call it "spin awareness" or "spin avoidance" nowadays. I'm not sure what this involves or at which point during training it's covered but I'm told the practical spins & recovery that were once compulsory are now discouraged if not forbidden. I believe it's very difficult to spin some modern trainers so it wouldn't be possible anyway. If this is the case I can only think that there must be a considerable number of qualified pilots out there today that have never experienced a spin & have very little idea of how to recover from one.
 

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Reply #32 - Oct 22nd, 2006 at 9:14pm

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During my initial training (many moons ago), spin recovery was "required", by my instructor. My first spin was in a 140hp Archer.

A couple years ago, when I started flying again, I requested spin recovery practice. Spun both a Tomahawk and a Skipper. And of course for the CFI certificate, you must complete spin recovery training.  No spinning in C172s for me (that I'll admit to). For one.. it's tough to get them to spin..And two, with me @ 220lbs, with an instructor.. the CG is too far forward for utility loading (and too heavy for utility loading with someone in back).

Nowadays, it's like Hagar says.. Spin awareness.. As in: add a little rudder during a stall and feel the plane yaw and roll.

I've mixed emotions about mandating spin recovery. People wiser than I have made those decisions. But I think a pilot should take upon himself to seek spin training.

 
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Reply #33 - Oct 22nd, 2006 at 9:24pm

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Too bad they never made a 4-seat version... how would you say the Beech Skipper compares, in terms of utility?


I love the Skipper too, but if I remember correctly, its useful load is evn less than a Tomahawk, by 15 lbs or so. I think they're both delightful planes.

I've seen where some people have installed 110hp engines in Tomahawks,, which really just makes them a tad faster and safer. That doesn't raise their certified, useful load though (that I've seen, anyway).

I think.. with modern engines (more HP / same weight) and little reinforcement of the landing gear and wings.. A Tomahawk could easily carry another 150lbs.. Which would make it a great, two-seat touring plane..

 
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Reply #34 - Oct 22nd, 2006 at 10:18pm

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I actually just now realised I haven't had any spin training at all-spin 'awareness' or full spins or whatever (after making it sound as if I had-d'oh Tongue ).  Will have to go up with an instructor some time.
 
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Reply #35 - Oct 22nd, 2006 at 10:34pm

C   Offline
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I actually just now realised I haven't had any spin training at all-spin 'awareness' or full spins or whatever (after making it sound as if I had-d'oh Tongue ).  Will have to go up with an instructor some time.



Well worth doing. Try reading the spin recovery placard in the cockpit whilst you do a spin... Smiley
 
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Reply #36 - Oct 23rd, 2006 at 5:51am

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Again, this will depend on the aircraft, or more specifically the type of wing. A typical trainer with a flat-bottomed lifting wing section & large dihedral angle on the mainplane might well turn when bank is applied. Being inherently stable it will return to straight & level flight when the controls are centralised. On the other hand, a high-performance type with a semi or fully-elliptical aerofoil section & little or no wing dihedral will have no tendency to turn when rolled. It will stay where it's put in the roll axis when the ailerons are centralised. When banked the lift will decrease & the nose will drop without opposite or "top rudder".


Let´s consider, say, an airplane banked by 6 or so degrees with no compensating changes to pitch or thrust.

It is accelerating sidewards at 0,1 g. It also is accelerating downwards at 0,005 g. The downward acceleration will cause a slow increase of AoA which over time would increase lift, and which might cause the nose to pitch down through stability provided by tailplane. However, the sideward acceleration, being 20 times larger, would add up much faster.

Does a high-performance plane enter into a pure sideslip in that situation, or does it yaw into a turn?
 
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Reply #37 - Oct 23rd, 2006 at 6:36am

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Let´s consider, say, an airplane banked by 6 or so degrees with no compensating changes to pitch or thrust.

I make no claims to be an aerodynamics expert & all this theoretical stuff makes my head spin [pun intended]. It's also a long time since I was involved in it so it might be best if I quit while I'm ahead. Smiley

Quote:
It is accelerating sidewards at 0,1 g. It also is accelerating downwards at 0,005 g. The downward acceleration will cause a slow increase of AoA which over time would increase lift, and which might cause the nose to pitch down through stability provided by tailplane. However, the sideward acceleration, being 20 times larger, would add up much faster.

One comment. Not sure I understand what you're getting at here. Which direction is it accelerating sidewards? If the downward acceleration has any effect on AoA it would surely decrease it.
 

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Reply #38 - Oct 23rd, 2006 at 7:44am

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One comment. Not sure I understand what you're getting at here. Which direction is it accelerating sidewards?

If a plane is banked, then the lift still operates at a right angle to the wing - but no longer vertically upwards. Thus, as the lift is tilted from the vertically up direction towards the lower wing, the plane would accelerate towards the lower wing.
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If the downward acceleration has any effect on AoA it would surely decrease it.


Surely it would increase?

If the pitch, the angle between wing and horizon, stays unchanged, but the plane accelerates down, the relative airflow is no longer coming horizontally - it is coming from an increasing angle below the horizon. Thus the AoA between airflow and wing should increase.
 
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Reply #39 - Oct 23rd, 2006 at 7:46am

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Let's consider, say, an airplane banked by 6 or so degrees with no compensating changes to pitch or thrust.


Just guessing, but by ratio, I'd guess that those fractional accelerations are the displaced lift of 1G from level flight... And the "sideways" vector is relative to the earth.  Or is it relative to the banked airplane, and a product of gravity, which is now acting on the plane from an angle ?

I see where your going with this, in that if a plane is flying level; and then banked; one way or another (sans pitch change), the now, other than perpendicular to the Earth lift, will "pull" the plane, initiating a turn. High performance plane or not; dihedral or no; symetrical airfoil or not.

And as Hagar noted; The reduction in the vertical vector component (downward acceleration), would cause a decrease in AoA.. Unless of course, we're tlaking about a plane with an "other than normal" CG... which of course throws a monkey wrench into it all, as there would be notable pitch/trim while in level flight, that would in turn (depending on airplane geometry)be an effective pitch change as soon as the bank began.

I love discussions like this as much as anyone, but this seems to be a discusion looking for ways disagree. Every scenario we'd come up with, has way too many variables in airplane design and loading.

Airplanes aren't spheres, so when they stop flying and start falling.. they're gonna do some aerodynamic "stuff".. and eventually, settle into some sort of "stability", that we call a spin.

A good answer would be:

Why wouldn't an airplane spin ?
 
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Reply #40 - Oct 23rd, 2006 at 7:54am

Brett_Henderson   Offline
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Surely it would increase?

If the pitch, the angle between wing and horizon, stays unchanged, but the plane accelerates down, the relative airflow is no longer coming horizontally - it is coming from an increasing angle below the horizon. Thus the AoA between airflow and wing should increase.


You're splitting hairs here, and over-simplifying things. If the plane is "falling".. and that rate-of-decent, as compared to forward airspeed, is enough to change the AoA.. Then the turn would start becoming more of a control surface thing (with the banked wings accelerating downward being the control surface).. so THAT acceleration would counter it all (relative airflow) and again make the AoA be a decreasing thing.
 
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Reply #41 - Oct 23rd, 2006 at 9:16am
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Interesting read and so many correct answers.  Wink

In my humble opinion taking spin training out of the Private Pilot curriculum is or would be a very big mistake.

It should also be mandatory for Flying Instructors.

I would also like to see some limited aerobatic instruction taught in the Private Pilot Course however I do realize this does add to the cost of the program.

I would suggest though once you have obtained a flying licence like the "Recreational Permit or the Private Pilots Licence that you take it upon yourself to seek out an Aerobatic Instructor and obtain five (5) hours of theory and actual flying from him.

I think you will be amazed at what you just might learn.  Smiley

You will also find yourself with a tiny bit more confidence and flying ability if the tower controller advises you of the possibility of wind shear or wake turbulence.

Cheers...Happy Landings...Doug
 
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Reply #42 - Oct 23rd, 2006 at 9:39am

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Right you are... although given enough altitude, some aircraft, will go through these oscillations several times while losing energy, and if they have a healthy dihedral and the air is calm, dropping a wing is unlikely. The Cub is a pretty good example of that, and many trainer-types like the 150 and 172 will also "schwoop" a few times rather sedately when left to their own devices after a mild stall  (I've done it). I've been advised more than once by instructors that leaving it alone for at least one stall/recovery cycle is often the best thing to do, particularly in a situation where you've blundered into IMC and somehow stalled... might want to use rudder slightly to keep the ball centered, but there seems to be a precedent for people screwing things up by using the elevator too much and/or banking inadvertantly in that scenario ("witnesses saw the plane exit the bottom of a cloud in a dive, then pull up back into the cloud steeply"or "plane exited cloud in a spin...")

More unstable higher-performance ships can definitely get nasty, though, if left alone like that... they will pick up more airspeed than you'd like as the nose drops each time.

 But they all will still  come down sooner or later without any input (we can blame Sir Isaac for that, but of course, without him, there'd be no flying in the first place Wink ),


Blame to Sir Isaac, all planes come down sooner or later if and when they stop being powered - excluding the gliders that manage staying powered by airflow.

However, what about a powered plane that is stalled by control movements or updraughts? Can it undergo a series of increasingly less violent stalls and recoveries, and eventually recover for good, then proceed to climb back as the plane is still powered?
 
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Reply #43 - Oct 23rd, 2006 at 9:57am

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I would also like to see some limited aerobatic instruction taught in the Private Pilot Course however I do realize this does add to the cost of the program.


A little more expensive it may be, but all to often now we hear of people who have not been taught aerobatics, or even know how to go about performing them sensibly, killing themselves. Even worse would be doing them untaught without any spin training, or experience of incipient spin recovery, most likely to happen if mishandling aeros.

A lot less costly than dying anyway.
 
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Reply #44 - Oct 24th, 2006 at 8:02am

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I actually just now realised I haven't had any spin training at all-spin 'awareness' or full spins or whatever (after making it sound as if I had-d'oh Tongue ).  Will have to go up with an instructor some time.


Take at least an hour of aerobatics dual sometime in an approved airplane... lots of fun, and it's a good confidence-builder, as well as being educational.
The rental rates on C152 "Aerobats" are usually about the same as a stock 152; that'd be a good first-time choice.

Reminds me I haven't actually done full spins yet (my one aerobatic lesson didn't include vertical-line maneuvers because the vis. was poor that day, bad horizon); I should remedy that.

Did about 1/2 turn once in a Skyhwak during my PP training after practcally begging my CFI; kinda disappointing but I did learn that in a Skyhwak at least, you really have to screw up to get it to spin inadvertently.

Or get into a nasty shear or wake-upset situation... which is why I think fully-developed spins should still be demonstrated, instead of just "R and R".
  Less training accidents nowadays since they stopped doing that, but oddly enough, licensed pilots are still spinning in from the pattern, or after loss of control in IMC... maybe for some, there's just no hope. Roll Eyes
 

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