Schipol's probably the worst example; the RAF produce TAP books for various airfields around the world, and until recently Schipol was the only one I know of to have been over 2 volumes...
As for the SID and STARS, Schipol has about a million runways, as Brett alludes to, noise is a much bigger issue in European airspace, so at different times it's not unusual for them to change SID or more commonly, just the runways in use for take off and landing (London Heathrow is famous for this).
The approach you mention, yes, that's a procedure turn, although in reality at most major airports, you'll receive radar vectors off the STAR onto the final approach.
Quote:I also don't understand how they label the taxi ways? Seems like every taxi way pointing in the same direction gets a number like, S1,s2,s3,s4 instead of a separate character or is that becuase Schipol is so big?
Just a form of labelling, made more complex due to Schipol's size. Hence the extensive use of of letter and numbers, instead of just the normal lettering at smaller airports.
For example, a smaller airport might have a parallel taxyway "A", and runway exits (and holds) "B", "C", "D", "E". With an airport with more than 26 taxyways, hold etc, obviously a new system is needed. You can see it at smaller airfield with 2 or 3 holds on the same taxyway, for example if "B" was the departure end of runway taxyway, you may have holds "B1", "B2" etc.
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