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65 years ago today... (Read 204 times)
Sep 15
th
, 2005 at 4:35pm
C
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Earth
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The Battle of Britain was (officially) over. Two days later it was learned that "Operation Seelowe" had been postponed indefinately, and thankfully as it turned out, for good.
The RAF lost 544 airmen and somewhere around 1000 aircraft to all causes.
Luftwaffe losses totalled between 1300 and 1700 aircraft (hard to quantify as you can't exactly tell if an aircraft was lost on its return home or lived to fight another day), of which well over half were bombers. Sadly, it appears very hard to put a number on the casualties suffered by the Luftwaffe airmen.
They were all very brave men, regardless of nationality, and on this 65th anniversary, we salute you all.
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Sep 15
th
, 2005 at 4:37pm
ozzy72
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Aye, real men!
There are two types of aeroplane, Spitfires and everything else that wishes it was a Spitfire!
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Reply #2 -
Sep 15
th
, 2005 at 4:40pm
Hagar
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Quote:
Sadly, it appears very hard to put a number on the casualties suffered by the Luftwaffe airmen.
This surprises me. I would think the Luftwaffe data would be extremely accurate. The Germans have a reputation for being thorough.
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Reply #3 -
Sep 15
th
, 2005 at 4:46pm
ozzy72
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Pretty scary huh?
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The problem was quantifying between the propoganda, and the POW situation...
Also many records were lost when RAF Bomber Command/USAAF flattened cities....
There are two types of aeroplane, Spitfires and everything else that wishes it was a Spitfire!
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Reply #4 -
Sep 15
th
, 2005 at 4:58pm
C
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Earth
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Quote:
The problem was quantifying between the propoganda, and the POW situation...
Also many records were lost when RAF Bomber Command/USAAF flattened cities....
The most accurate figures I can come up with...
1719 Killed
1914 Missing (presumably this would include those fortunate enough to become PoWs)
530 Wounded
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Reply #5 -
Sep 15
th
, 2005 at 5:04pm
Hagar
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I think they're most probably as accurate as they can be. The Luftwaffe casualties are bound to be greater as a larger proportion of the losses would be bombers with more than one crew member.
Each one is a tragedy & shows the futility of war.
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Reply #6 -
Sep 15
th
, 2005 at 6:31pm
61_OTU
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Agreed Charlie, well marked as a significant date.
We all look to these machines, Spits, Hurricanes, 109's, FW190's etc., with admiration and desire.
What's difficult to remember is that they were born of terrible times when many similar young men were forced to kill or be killed.
I've read 3 diary accounts recently.
Fighter Pilot by Paul Richey talks of the pre WWII RAF and the BEF in France during the Phoney War right up to Dunkirk.
First Light by Geoffrey Wellum covers the BoB days up to the first attacks on occupied France and D-Day.
The Big Show by Pierre Clostermann goes right up to Victory in Europe and covers the dark days and attrition of ground attacks supporting the allied troops.
All of them however demonstrate feelings of empathy and respect for their opponents in the skies, fellow fliers from the wrong side of arbitrary lines on a map.
Rest easy lads.
If anyone can suggest other good accounts I'd appreciate it, particularly ones from German pilots.
Cheers
Steve
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Reply #7 -
Sep 15
th
, 2005 at 6:56pm
Hagar
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Quote:
First Light by Geoffrey Wellum covers the BoB days up to the first attacks on occupied France and D-Day.
I would highly recommend this to anyone interested in this period. A refreshing account seen through a young pilot's eyes although he must be in his 80s now. Within a few months of joining the RAF straight from school he was a veteran. I learned many interesting things about pilot training I've not seen in similar books & I've read a lot in my time. I'm hoping he's working on a sequel as there's a lot more to tell.
As for the German side, try "I Flew for the Fuhrer" by Heinz Knoke.
http://www.chez.com/franckruffino/
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Reply #8 -
Sep 16
th
, 2005 at 2:42am
ozzy72
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There are a few good books out there, try this website for some info on the German aces
http://www.acepilots.com/german/ger_aces.html
There are two types of aeroplane, Spitfires and everything else that wishes it was a Spitfire!
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Reply #9 -
Sep 16
th
, 2005 at 6:10am
Heretic
Ex Member
Edward H. Sims ("The Fighter Pilots") says that the (official) number of losses for fighters was about 1000 for the RAF and 730 for the Luftwaffe.
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Reply #10 -
Sep 16
th
, 2005 at 7:45am
C
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Earth
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Quote:
Edward H. Sims ("The Fighter Pilots") says that the (official) number of losses for fighters was about 1000 for the RAF and 730 for the Luftwaffe.
Somewhere around that. I suspect the RAF figure was somewhere around 850-900. With bomber losses of around 1000, the Luftwaffe fighter loss figure sounds reasonable too.
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Reply #11 -
Sep 16
th
, 2005 at 8:40am
Flt.Lt.Andrew
Ex Member
Yeargh Doug!
I was going to suggest the Knoke book...its very well written.
Galland's account is good, but its hard to get...
An important date!
A.
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Reply #12 -
Sep 16
th
, 2005 at 6:00pm
|| Andy ||
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Mhmm,
And im on a Battle of Britain parade with cadets on Sunday..
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Reply #13 -
Sep 16
th
, 2005 at 10:30pm
Fly2e
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As the Battle of France progressed, Churchill asked fighter command for more aircraft to send to the continent. Air Chief Marshal Sir Hugh Dowding, recognizing that nothing could be done for France, refused. Churchill went to France on June 11 and told Pétain they would get no more aircraft.
As Britain stood alone, Dowding and Churchill took stock of their fighter force and recognized that the RAF must be destroyed if any invasion of Britain were to succeed. For three precious weeks, from June 22 to July 10, Churchill feigned interest in Hitler’s peace overtures.
In the spring of 1940 the Third Reich was the largest Empire the world had ever seen. It directly controlled or influenced almost all of continental Europe, large parts of North Africa, and had not been defeated.
Hitler was at the height of his power. Wehrmacht and Luftwaffe casualties in the Polish, Norwegian, and French campaigns were far less than anyone imagined, and the German people were delirious. He had brought them all he promised.
He felt he could be magnanimous and sent out peace feelers through Switzerland. The Americans contacted Churchill and asked if the Royal Navy would be sent to Canada when — not if — England fell. “We will survive, not surrender!” growled Churchill.
Meanwhile, Dowding poured every effort into building aircraft for Fighter Command. Nevertheless, Germany had almost 2,800 operational aircraft, against some 900 British fighters.
More critical was the shortage of pilots. Britain did not have a speedy training program before the war, and many trained pilots were lost over France. Additional pilots from the Dominions, America, and the occupied countries joined up; Bomber Command pilots were transferred to Fighter Command. Also, only one fully equipped division, commanded by General Bernard Montgomery, could oppose the coming invasion. The Home Guard —old men equipped with a range of personal weapons and old armory guns — would not withstand the concentrated efforts of a crack, battle hardened Wehrmacht.
They would need longer than three weeks to get ready for combat. On paper, the Hurricanes and Spitfires, all-metal low-wing monoplanes, were essentially the equal of the German Bf-109E. The British planes had the advantage of short range to their bases and superior firepower; the Germans had a higher combat ceiling and were slightly faster. The RAF’s pilots’ skill and determination would mean the difference in the coming campaign. The other RAF advantage was superior radar, which would allow fighters to be directed to their target rather than patrolling.
Overall command of the German operations fell to Reichmarschall Hermann Goering. Goering had promised Hitler that the Luftwaffe could destroy the RAF prior to the landings in Britain, codenamed Seelöwe (Sea Lion.) The plan called for some 260,000 German troops to be landed along the English coast and move inland towards London. Without control of the air, the Germans knew they could not protect the invasion from the Royal Navy.
On July 10, the opening phase of the battle began. German aircraft attacked shipping in the English Channel, trying to lure the RAF into battle. Dowding, under severe criticism, did not take the bait. He held back his main units, knowing that the Germans were going to come in force later on. The Germans lost some 227 aircraft in the month between July 10 and August 10; the RAF lost ninety-six. And many of the RAF pilots who parachuted out of their burning planes landed safely, while the German aircrew became Prisoners of War.
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Reply #14 -
Sep 16
th
, 2005 at 10:30pm
Fly2e
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During this time, the English public became involved in a way never before seen in warfare: live radio reports form the front. BBC broadcasters would broadcast live or recorded blow-by-blow reports of the fighting in the Channel, and the public was fascinated by the progress. This helped to unite the populace in a way the Nazis never imagined.
The main phase of the Battle of Britain began on August 13. Adlertag (Eagle’s Day) marked a move from the Channel attacks to the RAF network of airfields and radar stations. The Battle of Britain marked the first use of radar on a widespread scale in warfare. It allowed RAF fighter Command’s three main southern air groups to wait on the ground for incoming attacks, and then leap into the fray when the bombers were sighted on radar.
The Germans, who had not developed radar to the same level as the British, could not understand why their losses were mounting over the Channel until their intelligence identified the radar network installations.
But the Germans were checked by confusion over their primary targets. After Adlertag, which caused the Germans 46 aircraft but cost the RAF 14 fighters in the air and on the ground, the Germans thought the radar stations were not worth the effort. Perhaps because the technology was new, the dangerously exposed stations were thought to be indestructible. The Germans abandoned the attack on the radar stations after only three days, allowing the stations to contribute valuable information throughout the battle. The attacks on the airfields continued through August 24, and the RAF was in danger of losing the battle. Almost 25% of their pilots were lost in those two weeks; if the Germans continued, Fighter Command would lose the battle.
Using tactical aircraft used in a strategic role was causing major losses in the Luftwaffe. While the bombers had the range to fight and return, the Bf-109’s short range was causing wrecks to wash up on the coast of England instead of German invasion barges. Also, facing a trained, experienced fighter force highly motivated to defend their home territory, the Germans’ vaunted Blitzkrieg weapons were coming up short. On August 17, more than 30% of the Ju-87 Stukas sent against England did not return. The Bf-110 Zerörsters not only could not defend the bombers, they needed fighter escorts themselves.
Nevertheless, the RAF could not sustain the loss of a quarter of their pilots every two weeks. Goering suddenly switched the attack to the sector control centers on August 24, staffed by women’s auxiliaries that directed the fighter squadrons. These centers sustained major damage and the future looked very bleak. Fighter Command was flying 1,000 sorties a day. Pilots fell asleep as soon as their planes stopped taxing off the runway.
The Germans were running out of time. The losses were running five to seven in favor of the British, but their small force could not sustain that kind of punishment. Good weather for the invasion would not last past September. While the RAF suffered grievous losses, supplies from the United States and the Dominions were coming in through the Atlantic convoys and the Home Army was being strengthened every day by Australians, South Africans, New Zealanders, Indians, and Canadians.
Then, the unthinkable happened. An errant German bomber, thinking they were over open fields in a London fog, dropped its payload on the city on August 24. Britain responded by mounting a major raid on Berlin on the night of August 25-26. Causing only minor damage, the RAF Bomber Command raid embarrassed Goering, who said Germany would never be bombed. Hitler, enraged, ordered Goering to switch to London in retaliation. Hitler wanted to see RAF planes going down over their own capital.
On September 7, after an uncharacteristic lull, German bombers appeared in force over London. The Blitz had begun. For the next fifty-seven nights, nighttime raids would pound her cities in attempt to break the will of the British to fight.
The pressure on Fighter Command was released. While the public was just beginning their ordeal, it marked the end of the Battle of Britain and the end of the threat of invasion. Hitler ordered the indefinite postponement of Seelöwe on September 15.
The Battle of Britain affirmed that the war would continue as long as the British had the means to resist. Churchill’s remarks to the House of Commons on August 20 echoes the romanticism of what the English saw as an Epic stand against tyranny: “Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few.”
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Reply #15 -
Sep 17
th
, 2005 at 6:34am
Hagar
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I don't know where this comes from Dave as you didn't quote a source. It's a pretty reasonable account but I would argue with some points.
For example: This leads me to believe it was written by an American.
Quote:
the English public became involved in a way never before seen in warfare:
Nothing wrong with that but Americans commonly confuse England with Britain or vice versa. While most of the action took place over Southern England the threat was to the whole country which is the reason it's known as the Battle of Britain. The RAF fighter pilots came from all over the British Empire & other parts of the world including the US.
PS.
Quote:
In the spring of 1940 the Third Reich was the largest Empire the world had ever seen.
I'm not sure about that. Forgetting the ancient empires, in 1939 the British Empire covered something like 1/3 of the world's land mass. It was still much the same when I was at school in the 1950s.
The problem with many modern historians is that they base their ideas & arguments on modern concepts. To get the complete picture you need to try & appreciate the way things were at the time they occurred. This can be difficult for anyone not there at the time as life for ordinary people (including their outlook on it) was often very different to what we're familiar with now.
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Last Edit: Sep 17
th
, 2005 at 7:55am by Hagar
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Reply #16 -
Sep 17
th
, 2005 at 12:41pm
C
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Earth
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Quote:
The RAF fighter pilots came from all over the British Empire & other parts of the world including the US.
Great Britain - 2,341
Australia - 32
Barbados - 1
Belgium - 28
Canada - 112
Czechoslovakia - 88
France - 13
Ireland - 10
Jamaica - 1
Newfoundland - 1
New Zealand - 127
Poland - 145
Rhodesia - 3
South Africa - 25
United States - 9
Amazingly the Poles, whilst only being 5% of the force, claimed 12% of all victories in the BoB...
Quote:
I'm not sure about that. Forgetting the ancient empires, in 1939 the British Empire covered something like 1/3 of the world's land mass. It was still much the same when I was at school in the 1950s.
I can't see how the author could think that the Third Reich was ever that big, when the British Empire included countries such as Canada and India...
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Reply #17 -
Sep 18
th
, 2005 at 2:32am
H
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save face...
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Quote:
Hagar
- Nothing wrong with that but Americans commonly confuse England with Britain or vice versa.
That's, unfortunately, quite true; they often don't even know facts within our own union. We're free to roam from state-to-state but some don't seem to comprehend that we are 'unified' individual states and not all of our laws are the same. Many I spoke with in the midwest U.S. thought that New York was part of
New England
and that the entire northeast is basically concrete (when I led a group into the Guamanian 'jungle' -- oops, Safety Officer with us said never to mention it
-- I found it little different, aside from fauna types, than the forest I grew up with). After an immigrant has studied for citizenship they wind up knowing more about the U.S. than many of its native citizens
.
PS.
Quote:
In the spring of 1940 the Third Reich was the largest Empire the world had ever seen.
This may possibly be true if restated: "In the spring of 1940 the Third Reich was the largest
Continental European
Empire the world had ever seen." Most previous lacked major portions of Europe (although they may have controlled more adjacent Asian, as well as African, territory).
Quote:
Amazingly the Poles, whilst only being 5% of the force, claimed 12% of all victories in the BoB...
Wow! You'd think they
already
had a score to settle
.
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Last Edit: Sep 18
th
, 2005 at 3:51am by H
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Reply #18 -
Sep 18
th
, 2005 at 9:03am
Woodlouse2002
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Quote:
In the spring of 1940 the Third Reich was the largest Empire the world had ever seen.
Quote:
This may possibly be true if restated: "In the spring of 1940 the Third Reich was the largest Continental European Empire the world had ever seen." Most previous lacked major portions of Europe (although they may have controlled more adjacent Asian, as well as African, territory).
The Roman Empire covered roughly the same area as the Third Reich and was probably bigger as it covered italy and spain as well as substantial parts of North Africa. The German army didn't arrive in North Africa intill 1942 when it arrived to support the Italians who were making a mess of things. The Third Reich reached it's peak in 1943, after which it only shrank in size as the tides turned against Germany.
As has been stated, the Third Reich was relatively small as empires go. The British Empire at it's peak covered 1/3 of the worlds land mass. The Russian Empire in excess of 1/6 and the Persian Empire carved out by Alexander the Great went from Greece to India including the entire middle east. All of these make the Third Reich seem pretty small.
Woodlouse2002 PITA and BAR!!!!!!!!&&&&Our Sovereign Lord the King chargeth and commandeth all persons, being assembled, immediately to disperse themselves, and peaceably to depart to their habitations, or to their lawful business, upon the pains contained in the Act made in the first year of King George the First for preventing tumults and riotous assemblies. God Save the King.&&&&Viva la revolution!
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Reply #19 -
Sep 18
th
, 2005 at 1:49pm
C
Offline
Colonel
Earth
Posts: 13144
Quote:
Wow! You'd think they
already
had a score to settle
.
You could say that about the French, Czechs and Belgians too...
[edit]I had another thought about this point too. The Poles tally may also have been assisted by their geographical location, as for most of the battle (if not all) the Polish Sqns were based at RAF Northolt. In this case, they were probably not often the first Sqns to be scrambled (I'd have expected these to be from the Kent and SE London airfields). Hence I wouldn't be suprised if many of the Polish victories were aircraft returning (and/or unescorted as the German fighters had left for) home, particularly as they were flying Hurricanes...
(Group Captain) Johnny Kent's book is well worth a read. A Canadian pilot, I think he was either a Flt or Sqn Cdr on one of the Polish Sqns in the BoB...
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Last Edit: Sep 18
th
, 2005 at 3:32pm by C
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Reply #20 -
Sep 19
th
, 2005 at 12:30pm
myshelf
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I love YaBB 1G - SP1!
Posts: 295
[quote author=Woodlouse2002
The Roman Empire covered roughly the same area as the Third Reich and was probably bigger as it covered italy and spain as well as substantial parts of North Africa. The German army didn't arrive in North Africa intill 1942 when it arrived to support the Italians who were making a mess of things. The Third Reich reached it's peak in 1943, after which it only shrank in size as the tides turned against Germany.
As has been stated, the Third Reich was relatively small as empires go. The British Empire at it's peak covered 1/3 of the worlds land mass. The Russian Empire in excess of 1/6 and the Persian Empire carved out by Alexander the Great went from Greece to India including the entire middle east. All of these make the Third Reich seem pretty small.
[/quote]
well, what if you count heads instead of acrage?
the reasonable man adjusts to his souroundings, while the unreasonable man insists on adjusting his souroundings to him.&&&&therefore all progress is due to the unreasonable man.
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Reply #21 -
Sep 19
th
, 2005 at 1:54pm
61_OTU
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We are the Dead. Short
days ago.....
The Village - nr Shrewsbury
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Quote:
(Group Captain) Johnny Kent's book is well worth a read. A Canadian pilot, I think he was either a Flt or Sqn Cdr on one of the Polish Sqns in the BoB...
What's the title of the book Charlie?
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Reply #22 -
Sep 19
th
, 2005 at 4:19pm
C
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Colonel
Earth
Posts: 13144
Quote:
What's the title of the book Charlie?
I shall have a look next time I go upstairs. I think its out of print, but well worth a read...
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Reply #23 -
Sep 19
th
, 2005 at 4:28pm
Heretic
Ex Member
Quote:
The German army didn't arrive in North Africa intill 1942 when it arrived to support the Italians who were making a mess of things. The Third Reich reached it's peak in 1943, after which it only shrank in size as the tides turned against Germany.
Wrong and wrong. The Wehrmacht got involved on the African continent in February 1941 and the Reich had its peak in the late summer of 1942 after the summer offensive, when the german flag waved on the Mt Elbruz in Georgia.
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Reply #24 -
Sep 20
th
, 2005 at 6:16am
Woodlouse2002
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I like jam.
Cornwall, England
Gender:
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Quote:
Wrong and wrong. The Wehrmacht got involved on the African continent in February 1941 and the Reich had its peak in the late summer of 1942 after the summer offensive, when the german flag waved on the Mt Elbruz in Georgia.
Apologies. Though I still insist 1943 was their peak as it was only then they stopped advancing.
Woodlouse2002 PITA and BAR!!!!!!!!&&&&Our Sovereign Lord the King chargeth and commandeth all persons, being assembled, immediately to disperse themselves, and peaceably to depart to their habitations, or to their lawful business, upon the pains contained in the Act made in the first year of King George the First for preventing tumults and riotous assemblies. God Save the King.&&&&Viva la revolution!
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Reply #25 -
Sep 21
st
, 2005 at 3:42am
H
Offline
Colonel
2003: the year NH couldn't
save face...
NH, USA
Gender:
Posts: 6837
Quote:
The Roman Empire covered roughly the same area as the Third Reich and was probably bigger as it covered italy and spain as well as substantial parts of North Africa.
Africa and Asia don't count in my statement. Rome was unable to successfully annex much further in the northeast of the continent than the Rhine, never nearing Scandinavia nor through Russia southward; as well as Iberia, they did incorporate a part of Britain, this being their furthest thrust north in all of Europe: only the predominantly Brythonic areas of the south were annexed, walls (Antonine & Hadrian) being built to keep back the Scots and Picts from further north and Ireland was never touched. As for Italy, it may have been Germany's ally from the start of the war but it was the
German occupying
forces -- there prior to DDay -- of main concern in the Allied invasion of Italy.
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