The following are links to FAA websites to get all the training publications that real world pilots use from student pilots to Airline Transport Pilots (ATP's).  From the first link you will find on the right hand side links to the Practical Test Standards (PTS's) for all pilot certificates and ratings, and a link to the FAA training handbooks.  In the beginning of the PTS's you will find a list of publications (FAA-H-8083's and Advisory Circulars) that have the information needed by all pilots for that certificate or rating.  The FAA-H-8083's in the list are found under the training handbooks link.  You will learn the most from reading these publications like The Airplane Flying Handbook, Instrument Rating Handbook, Instrument Flying Handbook, and The Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge.  The second link I list here will take you to the FAA regulatory site.  At the bottom are links to all Advisory Circulars, Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR's) , and Aircraft Type Certification Data Sheets (TCDS's).  There are many Advisory Circulars, some are required material listed in the PTS's, and some are just additional info for pilots.  Under the FAR link important sections for pilots are Part 61 (certification), 91 (flight rules), 135 (air charter), and 121 (airlines).  Under the  TCDS link you will find info on every aircraft, and engine the FAA has ever certified listed by manufacturer. 

FAA Regulatory Support Division
  http://afs600.faa.gov/AFS630.htm
 
FAA Regulatory and Guidance Library
  http://www.airweb.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgWebComponents.nsf/Ho...

Another great site for info relating to aviation is the AOPA

http://www.aopa.org/

Also a great group to join whether a pilot in training or just a simmer, being a member has great benifits!!